Predatory dinosaurs and the evidence behind their lives

Explore the collection

• Archaeornithomimus: an Asian Late Cretaceous ornithomimid

  Archaeornithomimus from Inner Mongolia: its lectotype, disputed Erlian Formation age, scattered skeleton, vertebral air spaces and uncertain diet.

• Tawa: a mosaic of early dinosaur traits

  Learn what Tawa's Ghost Ranch fossils reveal about early dinosaur anatomy, its disputed evolutionary position, estimated size and the limits of its known record.

• Dilong: a small tyrannosauroid before the giants

  Meet Dilong paradoxus, an early tyrannosauroid from Liaoning known for long arms, a three-fingered hand and filament impressions.

• Ekrixinatosaurus: an abelisaurid from the Candeleros Formation

  Explore Ekrixinatosaurus novasi through its scattered holotype, measured bones, revised Albian dating, size estimates and the limits of its reconstruction.

• Eocarcharia: a theropod with a disputed family tree

  Learn what the Eocarcharia type fossil preserves, why its skull bones may represent different predators and what remains uncertain.

• Lourinhanosaurus: the Portuguese theropod and its uncertain eggs

  A partial articulated skeleton and associated gastroliths document Lourinhanosaurus. Its placement within theropods remains debated, and the Paimogo eggs are a tentative, not certain, association.

• Meraxes: a giant carcharodontosaurid from Patagonia

  Explore Meraxes fossils, its skull and forelimbs, growth rings, Patagonian habitat, size estimates and the limits of its reconstruction.

• Pycnonemosaurus: a large predator of Late Cretaceous Brazil

  Explore the incomplete Brazilian abelisaurid Pycnonemosaurus, its massive tibia, uncertain age, size estimates and limits of reconstruction.

• Rugops: the abelisaurid known from a partial skull

  Rugops is known from one partial skull found in Niger. Its textured nasal bones and jaw anatomy are directly documented; its body, diet and supposed scavenging habits are not.

• Shaochilong: a short-snouted carcharodontosaur from Asia

  A set of skull and body fossils from Inner Mongolia was first named as a Chilantaisaurus species. A 2009–2010 redescription identified Shaochilong as a carcharodontosaurid, though the broader tree remains analytical.

• Siats: a giant predator from Cretaceous Utah

  Explore the partial skeleton, immature growth, uncertain classification and size estimates of Siats meekerorum from Utah.

• Skorpiovenator: a short-snouted predator from Patagonia

  Discover the Skorpiovenator skeleton, its short sculptured skull, size estimates, feeding evidence and the revised date proposed for the Huincul Formation.

• Spectrovenator: a ghost hunter from Early Cretaceous Brazil

  The partial skeleton MZSP-PV 833 preserves a nearly complete skull and hindquarters from Brazil’s Quiricó Formation. Its unexpected position beneath a sauropod fossil inspired the name, while its age and family placement are based on geological and anatomical analysis.

• Tyrannotitan: an early giant predator of Patagonia

  Tyrannotitan explained through two Cerro Barcino skeletons, giant size estimates, jaw anatomy, revised age and its relationship to Giganotosaurus.

• Wiehenvenator: a large Jurassic predator from Germany

  Discover Wiehenvenator albati through its partial skeleton from Germany, the marine setting in which its bones were buried, its estimated size and what the fossils cannot show.

• Appalachiosaurus: a large tyrannosauroid from eastern North America

  Explore Appalachiosaurus fossils from Alabama, its tyrannosauroid relationships, estimated size, anatomy and place in eastern North American ecosystems.

• Austroraptor

  Austroraptor from Patagonia: two partial skeletons, long narrow skull, conical teeth, shortened arms, size, possible fish diet and disputed affinities.

• Bistahieversor: a deep-skulled tyrannosauroid from New Mexico

  Bistahieversor was a large tyrannosauroid from Late Cretaceous New Mexico. Its deep adult skull, debated growth-series fossils and a possible second giant predator make the Kirtland record unusually revealing.

• Byronosaurus: a troodontid with unserrated teeth

  Byronosaurus jaffei is known chiefly from cranial fossils at Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Its unserrated teeth, detailed skull anatomy and contested juvenile specimens reveal what the fossils can establish about this troodontid and where interpretation begins.

• Dineobellator

  Dineobellator from New Mexico: partial skeleton, quill knobs, strong grasping hands, flexible tail base, injuries, age and changing classification.

• Gobivenator: a rare window into a troodontid skull

  Gobivenator mongoliensis is based on an associated but incomplete skeleton from the Campanian Djadokhta Formation. Its skull and palate preserve rare details, while claims about bird-like mobility, diet and behaviour remain interpretations.

• Halszkaraptor: unusual anatomy and a debated life near water

  Halszkaraptor escuilliei is known from a nearly complete Mongolian skeleton with an elongated neck, flattened snout and unusual forelimbs. Its anatomy is well documented, but a semi-aquatic lifestyle and fish-heavy diet remain debated.

• Haplocheirus

  Haplocheirus explained through its nearly complete Chinese skeleton, three-fingered hand, carnivorous teeth, size estimates and disputed alvarezsauroid identity.

• Juratyrant: the English fossil once called Stokesosaurus

  Juratyrant langhami is based on an associated partial skeleton from Dorset’s Kimmeridge Clay. Its reassignment from Stokesosaurus reflects a revised phylogenetic analysis, while its body outline and exact position among early tyrannosauroids remain uncertain.

• Kileskus: an early tyrannosauroid from Jurassic Siberia

  Kileskus is an early tyrannosauroid from western Siberia, known from jaws and later referred limb and vertebral bones. Its crest, size and exact position remain uncertain.

• Lythronax: an early tyrannosaurid from southern Laramidia

  A partial but associated skeleton from Utah records a large tyrannosaurid around 80 million years ago. Its skull anatomy is clear; its exact place among tyrannosaurines is less settled.

• Nanuqsaurus: a tyrannosaur of the Cretaceous Arctic

  Meet Nanuqsaurus, the fragmentary tyrannosaurid from Late Cretaceous Alaska. New size evidence challenges the old dwarf-predator story.

• Natovenator: a streamlined Cretaceous raptor from Mongolia

  Meet Natovenator polydontus, a small halszkaraptorine from Mongolia whose articulated skeleton combines an unusual skull, many teeth and a compact rib cage.

• Saurornitholestes

  Saurornitholestes explained through its articulated Canadian skeleton, short deep skull, unusual premaxillary tooth, size, feathers and disputed species.

• Sinotyrannus: a large tyrant lineage with a small sample

  Sinotyrannus kazuoensis is known from a partial skeleton in the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation. Its original 9–10 m estimate and changing position among tyrannosauroids both depend on a limited fossil sample.

• Suskityrannus: a small tyrannosauroid from a fossil-record gap

  Two partial skeletons place Suskityrannus in the mid-Cretaceous of New Mexico. Its foot preserves an early arctometatarsalian condition, but it was a tyrannosauroid, not a member of Tyrannosauridae.

• Teratophoneus: the short-skulled tyrannosaur of southern Utah

  Teratophoneus was a short-skulled tyrannosaurid from Late Cretaceous Utah. Several fossils document its anatomy, while a multi-individual bonebed raises questions about social behaviour without proving pack hunting.

• Timurlengia: a braincase that records early tyrannosauroid senses

  Timurlengia is anchored by a CT-scanned braincase from Uzbekistan's Bissekty Formation. Its inner ear informs hearing capacity, but most of the skeleton and the animal's exact body size remain uncertain.

• Tsaagan: what one skull can tell us about a raptor

  Tsaagan mangas is anchored by one well-preserved skull and a cervical series from the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia. The specimen adds cranial detail to dromaeosaur diversity but leaves most of the skeleton unknown.

• Zanabazar: a skull that changed the comparison among troodontids

  Zanabazar junior is known chiefly from a large, informative skull and associated partial skeleton from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Its reassignment from Saurornithoides in 2009 clarified a taxonomic distinction, while CT studies exposed parts of the skull’s internal anatomy.

• Zhenyuanlong: feathered wings on a short-armed predator

  Discover what the Zhenyuanlong suni holotype from Liaoning reveals about its short forelimbs, pennaceous feathers, body size and unlikely powered flight.

• Zhuchengtyrannus: a giant tyrannosaurid from eastern China

  Zhuchengtyrannus was a giant tyrannosaurine known from diagnostic jaws in Late Cretaceous Shandong. Its scale is clear, but estimates of total length, body mass and its place beside Tarbosaurus remain approximate.

• Compsognathus and Procompsognathus: why the names mislead

  Compsognathus and Procompsognathus lived about 60 million years apart. Compare their fossils, classification and the disputed skull of Procompsognathus.

• Borogovia: a troodontid known from its unusual foot

  The partial hind limbs of Borogovia gracilicrus from the Nemegt Formation preserve an unusual second toe. Modern analysis supports a distinct troodontid, but the rest of its body is unknown.

• Lophostropheus: an incomplete predator near the Triassic–Jurassic boundary

  Learn what the fragmentary Lophostropheus skeleton reveals about a theropod from near the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in France.

• Marshosaurus: the lesser-known Morrison predator

  Explore Marshosaurus through its fragmentary Utah fossils, changing position among early tetanurans, estimated size and the limits of claims about Morrison predators.

• Noasaurus: a small Late Cretaceous predator from Argentina

  Explore Noasaurus from Argentina, its incomplete holotype, noasaurid classification, size range and the correction to its famous claw story.

• Ornitholestes: a small predator of the Morrison Formation

  Meet Ornitholestes hermanni, the small Morrison Formation theropod. Learn about its 1900 discovery, anatomy, uncertain relationships and the unsupported nasal horn.

• Pelecanimimus: an unusual Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaur

  Learn what the articulated Las Hoyas specimen reveals about Pelecanimimus, an Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaur with more than 200 teeth and rare soft-tissue traces.

• Piatnitzkysaurus: a Jurassic predator from Patagonia

  Explore the two Patagonian skeletons of Piatnitzkysaurus floresi and the 2026 osteological revision of this Early Jurassic tetanuran theropod.

• Poekilopleuron: the lost theropod of Normandy

  Learn how Poekilopleuron was discovered near Caen, what its surviving casts show and why its size, diet and classification remain uncertain.

• Protarchaeopteryx: a feathered dinosaur, not an early bird

  The Early Cretaceous Protarchaeopteryx from Liaoning: its feathered holotype, oviraptorosaur relationships, uncertain diet and the limits of the flight evidence.

• Pyroraptor

  Pyroraptor explained through the scattered French foot, forelimb, tooth and vertebral fossils found after a fire exposed Late Cretaceous rocks.

• Sarcosaurus: the early theropod from central England

  Sarcosaurus woodi was an Early Jurassic theropod from central England. Explore its fossils, changing names, classification, size and limits of reconstruction.

• Segisaurus: the rare Early Jurassic theropod of Arizona

  Segisaurus halli was a small Early Jurassic theropod from Arizona. Explore its single skeleton, furcula, growth evidence, habitat and disputed reconstructions.

• Segnosaurus: the therizinosaur with a specialised jaw

  Explore Segnosaurus fossils, its complex lower teeth, plant-oriented feeding, uncertain body mass and changing place among therizinosaurs.

• Shanag: a small theropod represented by a distinctive jaw

  Shanag ashile is based on one Early Cretaceous Mongolian fossil preserving parts of the jaws. Its original analysis placed it among dromaeosaurids, but the fragmentary specimen limits estimates of body size, diet and plumage.

• Sinocalliopteryx: a large feathered theropod from Liaoning

  Sinocalliopteryx is known from two unusually informative Early Cretaceous fossils, including filament impressions and prey remains. New phylogenetic proposals and criticism of behavioural claims make careful wording essential.

• Sinornithosaurus: a feathered predator from Liaoning

  Learn what Sinornithosaurus fossils from Liaoning reveal about its skeleton and feathers, and why claims about colour, flight and venom require caution.

• Sinovenator: an early troodontid with a revealing braincase

  Sinovenator is known from several Liaoning fossils, including a nearly complete skeleton studied by CT. Its braincase combines ancestral and bird-like features, but an endocast cannot reveal intelligence or behaviour.

• Sinraptor: the skeleton, teeth and limits of a Jurassic predator

  Sinraptor dongi is represented by a nearly complete skull and partial skeleton from the Shishugou Formation. Its teeth, braincase and healed cranial injuries have been studied, while claims about its prey and behaviour require caution.

• Unenlagia: the bird-like predator of Cretaceous Patagonia

  Unenlagia from Late Cretaceous Argentina: its two named species, incomplete skeletons, disputed family position and the evidence behind the flight claim.

• Urbacodon: what two fossil jaws reveal about a troodontid

  Urbacodon is known chiefly from fossil lower jaws. The Uzbekistan type species and Chinese U. norelli are distinct records; a 2024 study used CT data to examine tooth replacement in the latter.

• Yangchuanosaurus: a large predator with a changing species list

  Yangchuanosaurus is a metriacanthosaurid genus from Jurassic China, based on substantial skull and skeletal material. Its named species and the referral of fragmentary fossils have shifted between studies, so the genus is best read through its type material and taxonomic history.

• Achillobator

  Achillobator explained through its partial Mongolian skeleton, powerful legs, unusual pelvis, size estimates, feathers and uncertain relationships.

• Alectrosaurus: the tyrannosauroid known from a hind leg

  The 1923 Iren Dabasu fossil, the lectotype hind limb and why later Alectrosaurus skull and forelimb claims remain uncertain.

• Alvarezsaurus

  Alvarezsaurus from Late Cretaceous Argentina: discovery, fossils, disputed synonymy, juvenile size, less specialised hand and uncertain diet.

• Atrociraptor

  Atrociraptor explained through its partial Canadian skull, crowded teeth, cautious size estimates, classification, feathers and unsupported screen myths.

• Aucasaurus: a nearly complete abelisaurid from Patagonia

  Explore Aucasaurus fossils, its distorted skull, short forelimbs, tail pathology, size estimates and relationship to Carnotaurus.

• Bambiraptor

  Bambiraptor explained through its nearly complete juvenile skeleton, grasping hands, sickle claw, uncertain adult size and possible link to Saurornitholestes.

• Buitreraptor

  Buitreraptor from Patagonia: near-complete skeleton, long snout, small unserrated teeth, size, locomotion, likely feathers and disputed classification.

• Chindesaurus: a fragmentary predator from Triassic Arizona

  Explore the Chindesaurus fossils from Arizona, its changing classification, incomplete skeleton and disputed place among the earliest dinosaurs.

• Coelurus: a lightly built theropod of the Late Jurassic

  Explore Coelurus fossils, the history of its name, long limbs, disputed evolutionary position, likely diet and uncertain body covering.

• Concavenator: the humped hunter from Cuenca

  Meet Concavenator corcovatus, the nearly complete Las Hoyas theropod with paired high back spines, rare scale impressions and debated feather evidence.

• Conchoraptor: separating a Gobi oviraptorid from its look-alikes

  Conchoraptor gracilis is a small, crestless oviraptorid from Mongolia. Newly described specimens refine its diagnosis and help separate it from Heyuannia, while leaving its diet and the original shell-crushing story unproven.

• Deltadromeus: the slender theropod of the Kem Kem deposits

  Learn what the Moroccan Deltadromeus skeleton preserves, why its classification is disputed, and how size and running claims remain uncertain.

• Dromaeosaurus

  Dromaeosaurus albertensis explained through its incomplete skull, deep jaws, serrated teeth, bite model, limited skeleton and uncertain reconstruction.

• Dubreuillosaurus: a Norman theropod revealed in stages

  Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis is a Middle Jurassic theropod known from a partial skeleton in Normandy. Reassessment of the specimen revealed more anatomy than the first provisional naming suggested.

• Elaphrosaurus: the light-built theropod of Tendaguru

  Elaphrosaurus bambergi is a Late Jurassic theropod from Tanzania, known mainly from a partial skeleton without a skull. Modern anatomical study places it among basal ceratosaurs, not ornithomimosaurs.

• Eotyrannus: an early tyrannosauroid with long arms

  Discover Eotyrannus lengi, its Isle of Wight fossils, long forelimbs, early Cretaceous habitat and uncertain adult size.

• Fukuiraptor: a Japanese theropod known from a growth series

  Fukuiraptor kitadaniensis is based on an immature partial skeleton from the Kitadani Quarry of Japan. Later quarry finds add smaller individuals, while its placement among megaraptorans and its adult size remain open to revision.

• Guanlong: a crested tyrannosauroid, not a miniature Tyrannosaurus

  Guanlong wucaii is known from two relatively complete skeletons in the Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of China. Their skull crests, growth stages and anatomy illuminate early tyrannosauroid evolution without making Guanlong a direct ancestor of Tyrannosaurus.

• Irritator: a spinosaurid known chiefly from its skull

  Irritator challengeri is known chiefly from an unusually complete spinosaurid skull from Brazil. CT work corrected an altered snout and exposed anatomy, while the body and lifestyle remain partly inferred.

• Juravenator: the small theropod with a debated skin record

  Juravenator starki is a juvenile Late Jurassic theropod from Bavaria. Explore its fossil, skin impressions, changing classification and uncertain adult size.

• Liliensternus: a Triassic predator known from mixed remains

  Liliensternus liliensterni from Thuringia: the mixed MB.R.2175 fossil series, size estimates, carnivorous teeth, uncertain theropod relationships and crest myth.

• Majungasaurus: the abelisaurid of Cretaceous Madagascar

  Majungasaurus explained through its Maevarano fossils, high skull, tiny hands, size, habitat and direct evidence of feeding on its own species.

• Masiakasaurus: a small predator with unusually directed teeth

  Masiakasaurus knopfleri was a small noasaurid from Late Cretaceous Madagascar. Its unusual front teeth are well documented, while the prey it caught and its exact place among noasaurids remain less certain.

• Afrovenator: the African hunter of the Jurassic

  Afrovenator is known from a substantial partial skeleton found in Niger. Its age, megalosauroid relationships, body size and limits of reconstruction remain important parts of the story.

• Acrocanthosaurus: the high-spined Cretaceous predator

  Learn what Acrocanthosaurus fossils reveal about its tall vertebral spines, size, growth and North American range, including the debated status of NCSM 14345.

• Carnotaurus: horns, skin and an unusual abelisaurid

  Learn what the nearly complete Carnotaurus sastrei skeleton reveals about its horns, reduced arms, skin impressions, size and uncertain behaviour.

• Cryolophosaurus: a crested predator from Early Jurassic Antarctica

  Cryolophosaurus explained through its Antarctic partial skeleton, transverse crest, size, diet, Early Jurassic environment and disputed classification.

• Gorgosaurus

  A detailed Gorgosaurus guide covering discovery, 7.5–9 m size, classification, anatomy, growth and a juvenile with two caenagnathids in its stomach.

• Herrerasaurus: one of the oldest well-studied dinosaurs

  Discover Herrerasaurus through its Ischigualasto fossils, changing classification, jaw and hand anatomy, estimated size and what its skeletons cannot establish.

• Mapusaurus: a giant predator from Late Cretaceous Patagonia

  Explore Mapusaurus fossils from Patagonia, its size, relation to Giganotosaurus and what a multi-individual bonebed can reveal about behaviour.

• Monolophosaurus: the Jurassic theropod with a single crest

  Monolophosaurus jiangi is known from a skull-rich partial skeleton in the Middle Jurassic Shishugou Formation. Its single crest is distinctive, but its function and position among early tetanurans remain debated.

• Qianzhousaurus: a long-snouted tyrannosaurid from China

  Qianzhousaurus was a long-snouted tyrannosaurid from Late Cretaceous China. Its partial skeleton supports Alioramini as a distinctive branch, while its diet, adult size and exact relationships remain open questions.

• Rajasaurus: the Narmada Valley abelisaurid

  Rajasaurus explained through its partial braincase, associated skeleton, abelisaurid relationships, size estimates and fossils from Gujarat.

• Spinosaurus

  A detailed Spinosaurus guide covering two species, North African fossils, 12–14 m size, fish-catching jaws, sail and the disputed evidence for diving.

• Suchomimus: a large spinosaurid from Early Cretaceous Niger

  A detailed profile of Suchomimus from Niger: its partial skeleton, long narrow jaws, powerful forelimbs, river setting and the disputed relationship with Cristatusaurus.

• Torvosaurus: a giant Jurassic megalosaurid

  Torvosaurus explained through its two species, megalosaurid anatomy, fossils from North America and Europe, size estimates and uncertain records.

• Utahraptor

  An evidence-led guide to Utahraptor fossils, size, giant sickle claw, feathers, Early Cretaceous habitat and the unresolved pack-hunting claim.

• Yutyrannus: large tyrannosauroid, direct evidence of feathers

  Three nearly complete Liaoning skeletons preserve long filamentous feathers on a large tyrannosauroid. They establish a feathered body covering in these individuals, not the plumage of every tyrannosaur or the exact function of the filaments.

• Abelisaurids: one family, many predator anatomies

  Explore abelisaurid anatomy, fossils and distribution, and why the familiar image of a short-armed southern tyrant oversimplifies a diverse theropod family.

• Why did Velociraptor have a sickle claw?

  The enlarged second-toe claw of Velociraptor was held clear of the ground. Fossils suggest how it may have helped in prey restraint and attack.

• Why Tyrannosaurus rex was a formidable predator

  Learn why Tyrannosaurus rex was a formidable predator, what its skull and teeth could do, and what fossil evidence says about hunting.

• Baurusuchus

  Baurusuchus was a terrestrial notosuchian from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil, with a deep skull, blade-edged teeth and limbs adapted for walking on land.

• Agnosphitys

  Agnosphitys cromhallensis explained from its isolated Triassic ilium, referred bones, disputed age, uncertain relationships and cautious size estimates.

• Creodonts: a historical name for separate lineages

  Learn why Creodonta is an outdated grouping and how hyaenodonts, oxyaenodonts and true carnivorans differ in fossils and evolutionary relationships.

• Nimravids

  Nimravids explained from skulls and teeth: their place outside cats, Eocene and Oligocene range, canine diversity, biomechanics and limits of hunting reconstructions.

• Barbourofelids: saber teeth beyond the true cats

  Meet the Miocene barbourofelids, saber-toothed carnivorans whose relationship to nimravids and cats has changed as fossil evidence and phylogenetic analyses improved.

• Cynodonts

  Cynodonts from Permian origins to mammal relatives: differentiated teeth, the secondary palate, jaw and ear changes, fossils and limits on ancestry claims.

• Dimetrodon: a sail-backed synapsid before the dinosaurs

  A fossil-led guide to Dimetrodon, its differentiated teeth, changing species list, body size and the competing explanations for its tall back sail.

• Dryptosaurus: a large-handed tyrannosauroid from Appalachia

  Learn what the partial Dryptosaurus skeleton reveals about its discovery, clawed hand, size and uncertain place among tyrannosauroids.

• Herrerasaurids among the earliest dinosaurs

  Herrerasaurids were early predatory dinosaurs known chiefly from Late Triassic South America. Their anatomy and position near the base of Dinosauria remain important to dinosaur evolution.

• Bathygnathus and Dimetrodon borealis: the story of one jaw

  How one Prince Edward Island jaw was first misread, reassigned to Dimetrodon and protected by a ruling on scientific names.

• Gasosaurus: an enigmatic predator from Jurassic China

  What can the incomplete Gasosaurus skeleton tell us? Review its Dashanpu fossils, estimated size and unresolved position among tetanuran theropods.

• Anchisaurus: a small dinosaur with a complicated name history

  Explore Anchisaurus fossils, the neotype, its Early Jurassic rift-basin setting, estimated size, locomotion and debated classification.

• Saurornithoides: the bird-like troodontid of Bayanzag

  Saurornithoides mongoliensis from Bayanzag: the AMNH 6516 holotype, its skull, changing taxonomy, size estimates and the limits of behavioural claims.

• Heterodontosaurus: a complex bite in a small dinosaur

  Learn what Heterodontosaurus fossils show about its varied teeth, food processing, growth and the disputed function of its caniniforms.

• Abelisaurus: a family name built on one skull

  Abelisaurus explained through its incomplete type skull, disputed age, abelisaurid classification, size estimates and limits of reconstruction.

• Diplovertebron: a fragmentary Carboniferous tetrapod

  Diplovertebron is represented by incomplete Nýřany fossils, a designated lectotype and vertebrae that suggest, but do not settle, its relationships.

• Small theropods: what meals and mistaken fossil stories reveal

  What small theropod fossils reveal about diet, why the famous Coelophysis cannibal claim failed, and how oviraptorid eggs changed an egg-thief interpretation.

• Were theropods hunters, scavengers or both?

  Healed bite marks, feeding traces and trackways illuminate dinosaur predation while leaving room for scavenging and varied diets.

• Tyrannosaurus anatomy: from skull to tail

  Explore Tyrannosaurus rex anatomy from its load-bearing skull and bone-crushing teeth to its small arms, powerful legs, balancing tail and sensory systems.

• Alioramus: a long-snouted tyrannosaurid from Mongolia

  Explore Alioramus, its two named species, unusual skull, Mongolian fossils, growth evidence and uncertain adult size.

• Tarbosaurus

  A detailed Tarbosaurus guide covering Nemegt fossils, its relationship to Tyrannosaurus, 10–12 m size, skull, bite, growth, feeding traces and habitat.

• Daspletosaurus

  A detailed Daspletosaurus guide covering three named species, fossils, 8–9 m size, robust skull, growth and the disputed straight-line ancestry model.

• Albertosaurus

  A detailed Albertosaurus guide covering discovery, 8–9 m size, anatomy, skin, growth and what the multi-individual Dry Island bonebed can and cannot prove.

• Tyrannosaurus rex

  A detailed guide to Tyrannosaurus rex: fossil record, 11.5–13 m size range, bite, senses, growth, hunting, skin and scientific uncertainties.

• Giganotosaurus: fossils, size and the Patagonian giant

  Explore Giganotosaurus carolinii through its partial skeletons, debated size estimates, carcharodontosaurid relationships and the limits of claims about hunting behaviour.

• Neovenator: the Early Cretaceous predator of the Isle of Wight

  Learn about Neovenator salerii, a large theropod from the Isle of Wight known from a substantial but incomplete skeleton in the Wessex Formation.

• Carcharodontosaurus: the North African giant

  Explore the Carcharodontosaurus neotype, lost original teeth, disputed species, size estimates and the separation of Tameryraptor.

• Allosaurus

  A detailed Allosaurus profile: Morrison fossils, recognised and disputed species, 7–9 m size, skull and teeth, feeding, growth, injuries and pack-hunting claims.

• Proceratosaurus: a crested theropod from Middle Jurassic England

  Learn what the single Proceratosaurus skull reveals about its crest, size and debated place among early coelurosaurs and tyrannosauroids.

• Nanshiungosaurus: the therizinosaur first mistaken for a sauropod

  Nanshiungosaurus brevispinus is known from vertebrae and pelvic bones found in Guangdong. Its unusual pelvis first led to a sauropod interpretation; later comparisons placed it among therizinosaurs, while the missing skull and limbs limit reconstruction.

• Erlikosaurus: a beaked therizinosaur from Mongolia

  Explore the Erlikosaurus skull, CT evidence, beak, bite estimates, feeding and the limits of reconstructing its incomplete body.

• Megalosaurus: the first dinosaur named by science

  Learn why Megalosaurus was named in 1824, what its fragmentary Stonesfield fossils preserve, how the genus was narrowed to one secure species, and where its anatomy remains uncertain.

• Eustreptospondylus: a theropod from the Oxford Clay

  Discover Eustreptospondylus fossils, its changing taxonomic history, immature skeleton and why marine burial does not mean an aquatic life.

• Dilophosaurus: the two-crested hunter of Early Jurassic Arizona

  Five partial skeletons reveal a large Early Jurassic theropod with paired skull crests, strong arms and a far sturdier skull than old reconstructions suggested.

• Carnosaurs: a modern guide to Carnosauria

  Learn how Carnosauria changed from an old label for large meat-eaters into a phylogenetic group centred on allosauroids.

• Hesperornis: a toothed bird built for diving

  Hesperornis fossils reveal toothed jaws, reduced wings and powerful hind limbs. Learn how Marsh's finds, growth studies and taxonomy shape its story.

• How did some birds survive the end-Cretaceous extinction?

  Explore why a small part of Mesozoic bird diversity survived the K–Pg crisis, and which proposed ecological filters remain uncertain.

• Dinosaur brains: what fossils can and cannot tell us

  What can fossil braincases and CT scans reveal about dinosaur brains? Learn how endocasts work, why the “second brain” is a myth and where evidence stops.

• Baryonyx: the heavy-clawed spinosaurid

  Explore Baryonyx fossils from England, its enormous hand claw, fish and dinosaur stomach contents, estimated size and the limits of its waterside reconstruction.

• Oviraptor: the feathered dinosaur misnamed as an egg thief

  Oviraptor explained through AMNH 6517, its associated clutch, the egg-thief error, incomplete skull and skeleton, diet, feathers and probable brooding.

• Troodon: one tooth and a disputed dinosaur name

  What the single Troodon type tooth shows, why its validity is disputed, and how the 2025 revision affects skeletons, nests and reconstructions.

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