Ice-age animal catalogue A to Z
An illustrated guide to Pliocene and Pleistocene megafauna
The Ice Age was not one permanently frozen landscape. Animals occupied African savannas, American forests, tropical lowlands and northern habitats that shifted as glacial and interglacial climates alternated.
Each card opens a complete profile that separates preserved bones, teeth, armour and horn cores from functional inference and artistic reconstruction.
A
AAcratocnus
Acratocnus
Caribbean sloth known from cave skulls, jaws and limb bones on several islands.
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AAenocyon
Aenocyon dirus
A robust American canid whose tar-pit fossils and ancient genomes reveal a complex ancestry still under study.
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AAepycamelus
Aepycamelus
A tall Miocene camelid with seven elongated neck vertebrae, long limbs and no fossil evidence for habitual bipedal rearing.
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AAgathaeromys
Agathaeromys
Extinct Bonaire rice-rat lineage distinguished by hundreds of Pleistocene fossil molars.
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AAlilepus
Alilepus
Fossil rabbit relative known mainly from teeth across Eurasia and North America, with records near the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary.
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AAllocricetus
Allocricetus
A fossil hamster known chiefly from molars that help researchers compare Pleistocene cave layers.
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AAllohippus
Allohippus / Equus stenonis
A disputed genus name for stenonine horses whose skulls and limb bones inform debates about the limits of Equus.
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AAllophaiomys
Allophaiomys pliocaenicus
An early vole chiefly known from rootless cheek teeth, used to compare fossil populations and layers.
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AAmphechinus
Amphechinus
An Oligocene–Miocene hedgehog genus known mainly from teeth and jaw fragments across several continents.
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AAnancus
Anancus
A gomphothere with extremely long nearly straight upper tusks and low cusped molars.
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AAncylotherium
Ancylotherium pentelicum
Clawed late Miocene chalicothere known from Greek and Iranian skull, dental and limb fossils.
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AArctodus
Arctodus simus
The short-faced bear, with contested maximum size and a flexible diet across North America.
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AArctotherium
Arctotherium
A South American short-faced bear genus that included the giant early species A. angustidens.
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AAsoriculus
Asoriculus
Fossil shrew whose teeth and rare skulls inform a debate about locomotion near water.
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AAtopomys
Atopomys
An extinct North American vole relative recognized from molars in Texas and eastern cave deposits.
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AAztlanolagus
Aztlanolagus agilis / Pliopentalagus agilis
Small fossil hare known from cave jaws and teeth; a 2024 revision changed its generic placement.
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BBeremendia
Beremendia fissidens
A red-toothed fossil shrew whose jaw and tooth marks suggest a powerful bite.
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BBootherium
Bootherium bombifrons
A North American Pleistocene muskox relative with variable horn cores and ancient DNA evidence.
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BBorophagus
Borophagus
A North American canid whose coprolites preserve direct evidence of bone consumption.
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BBrachyprotoma
Brachyprotoma
An extinct North American short-faced skunk documented by Pleistocene jaws and skulls.
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CCalippus
Calippus
A diverse Miocene horse genus classified from a combination of skull and tooth evidence.
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CCamelops
Camelops
A North American camel whose ancient DNA links it more closely to Old World camels.
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CCandiacervus
Candiacervus
A varied endemic Cretan deer lineage known for dwarf forms and unusual antlers.
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CCapromeryx
Capromeryx
A small extinct North American pronghorn relative known from forked horn cores, high-crowned teeth and fossils in the United States and Mexico.
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CCastillomys
Castillomys
A small extinct murid of the Pliocene and early Pleistocene known mainly from teeth.
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CCastoroides
Castoroides ohioensis
A giant North American beaver whose isotope evidence points to aquatic plants rather than a wood-heavy diet.
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CCatagonus
Catagonus
Fossil South American peccary name; a 2017 revision separates the living Chacoan peccary from its type species.
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CCatonyx
Catonyx tarijensis
A long-snouted South American ground sloth with rare hyoid bones preserved in an Oruro skull.
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CCave bear
Ursus spelaeus
A Pleistocene European bear whose cave bones, tooth wear, isotopes and ancient DNA reveal a varied history.
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CCave lion
Panthera spelaea
A distinct Eurasian big-cat lineage known from Late Pleistocene bones, traces, cave art and ancient DNA.
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CCercopithecoides
Cercopithecoides williamsi
An extinct African colobine known from cave skulls and an Ethiopian partial skeleton.
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CCervalces
Cervalces scotti
An extinct stag-moose known from a directly dated Ohio skeleton and other late Ice Age fossils.
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CCervavitus
Cervavitus
Eurasian fossil deer whose variable antlers and teeth trace debated Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene forms.
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CChalicotherium
Chalicotherium goldfussi
A Late Miocene Eurasian perissodactyl with long forelimbs, flexed weight-bearing fingers and large claws instead of hooves.
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CChasmaporthetes
Chasmaporthetes ossifragus
A long-legged fossil hyena recorded from Arizona to Arctic Yukon.
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CCopemys
Copemys
A fossil cricetid rodent whose molars and jaws are helping researchers reassess species assignments.
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CCormohipparion
Cormohipparion
A multi-species horse genus with a long Florida record and measurable changes in teeth and skulls.
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CCroizetoceros
Croizetoceros
A small European deer of the Pliocene and early Pleistocene, known from antlers and teeth.
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CCupidinimus
Cupidinimus
A small heteromyid rodent recorded in changing Miocene faunas of western North America.
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CCuvieronius
Cuvieronius hyodon / C. tropicus?
A gomphothere identified by spiral tusk enamel; a new North American skull has reopened the genus’s species boundaries.
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CCynotherium
Cynotherium
A small extinct island canid of Sardinia and Corsica known from skulls and an ancient genome.
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DDiabolotherium
Diabolotherium nordenskioldi
Peruvian Pleistocene sloth known from cave fossils including a keratin-covered, dated claw.
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DDihoplus
Dihoplus schleiermacheri
A two-horned Eurasian rhinoceros known from skulls, teeth and disputed Neogene assignments.
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DDinofelis
Dinofelis
A varied sabre-toothed cat known from Plio-Pleistocene skulls, teeth and cave deposits.
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DDinohippus
Dinohippus
A North American horse closely related to early Equus, with a Mexican skull central to debates about their branching origin.
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DDipoides
Dipoides
A fossil beaver whose cut branches preserve evidence of wood use in a Pliocene Arctic wetland.
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DDiprotodon
Diprotodon optatum
Australia's giant wombat relative, with isotope evidence for seasonal movement and a debated extinction.
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DDoedicurus
Doedicurus clavicaudatus
A South American glyptodont with a rigid domed shell and an expanded bony tail tube.
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DDrepanosorex
Drepanosorex
Extinct Pleistocene shrew lineage identified through incisors and cheek teeth, with disputed genus or subgenus rank.
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EEnhydrictis
Enhydrictis
Extinct Sardinian mustelid lineage known from Pleistocene skulls, teeth and limb bones.
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EEremotherium
Eremotherium
A giant tropical American ground sloth with a massive pelvis, strong limbs and continuously growing teeth.
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EEucastor
Eucastor tortus
A Miocene North American beaver known chiefly from Nebraska skulls, jaws and teeth.
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EEuceratherium
Euceratherium collinum
Extinct shrub-ox known from Californian cave skulls, older Chinese fossils and Utah evidence for a browsing diet.
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EEucladoceros
Eucladoceros
A Eurasian deer with comb-like antlers, known from fossils that refine species and relationships.
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EEucyon
Eucyon
An early canid whose fossils trace the rise and dispersal of the dog tribe Canini.
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EEumysops
Eumysops
An Argentine echimyid rodent defined by a distinctive skull, high-crowned teeth and reduced outer metatarsals.
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EEurygnathohippus
Eurygnathohippus
An African three-toed horse with high-crowned teeth and a distinctive South African fossil sample.
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EEutatus
Eutatus
A large Pampas armadillo with many movable armor bands and specialized jaws.
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GGallogoral
Gallogoral meneghinii
Large Villafranchian European bovid with rich Senèze skeletons and Early Pleistocene Italian dental evidence.
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GGazellospira
Gazellospira
Eurasian spiral-horned antelope studied through Tibetan horn cores and Greek fossil series.
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GGerontochoerus
Gerontochoerus scotti
An African fossil pig diagnosed chiefly from large, complex third molars and fragmentary jaws.
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GGigantocamelus
Gigantocamelus spatulus
Giant Blancan North American camel known from jaws, teeth and limb bones; its boundary with Titanotylopus has been debated.
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GGigantopithecus
Gigantopithecus
Large Pleistocene ape known from southern Chinese teeth and jaws, with enamel proteins linking it to orangutans.
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GGlossotherium
Glossotherium
A South American ground sloth with tooth-based diet evidence and a possible but unproven link to giant burrows.
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GGlyptodon
Glyptodon
A South American glyptodont with a rigid domed carapace, separate head shield and ringed tail without a terminal club.
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GGlyptotherium
Glyptotherium
An American glyptodont protected by a domed carapace of fused osteoderms and an armoured tail.
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HHemiauchenia
Hemiauchenia
A long-legged American camelid whose range crossed from North into South America and whose enamel isotopes indicate flexible plant feeding.
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HHexaprotodon
Hexaprotodon sivalensis
A revised fossil-hippo genus named for six incisors, with Asian and some African records and a history of changing species assignments.
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HHipparion
Hipparion
A three-toed equid with diagnostic cheek teeth and facial fossae, distinct from the broad old use of Hipparion fauna.
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HHippidion
Hippidion
A South American horse lineage whose complete mitochondrial genomes place it outside Equus.
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HHippopotamodon
Hippopotamodon ultimus
Large extinct Eurasian suid; South China's H. ultimus preserves diagnostic snout and molar traits into the Early Pleistocene.
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HHippotherium
Hippotherium primigenium
A three-toed Miocene equid separated from Hipparion by cranial, dental and limb traits.
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HHolmesina
Holmesina
A large pampathere with flexible bands of armour and fossils across the Americas.
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HHomotherium
Homotherium
A widespread scimitar-toothed cat known from fossils on three continents and a frozen Yakutian cub.
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HHydrodamalis
Hydrodamalis
North Pacific sea cows including Pliocene forms and the historically lost Steller's sea cow.
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HHypolagus
Hypolagus
An extinct leporid whose premolar enamel patterns help identify species but leave room for taxonomic revision.
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IIsolobodon
Isolobodon
Extinct Caribbean hutia known from cave and archaeological jaws and teeth.
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KKolpochoerus
Kolpochoerus
An African fossil pig whose tooth shape, isotopes and microwear reveal different parts of a changing diet.
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KKritimys
Kritimys
An endemic Pleistocene Cretan murid known principally from jaws and enlarged molars.
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LLagurodon
Lagurodon
Early Pleistocene vole known from molars that changed interpretation of the Kisláng fauna.
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LLeptobos
Leptobos
A lightly built early Eurasian bovid with variable horn cores and species limits affected by sex and population differences.
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LLestodon
Lestodon armatus
A huge Pampas ground sloth with projecting front teeth and rich Argentine and Uruguayan bonebeds.
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LLibytherium
Libytherium maurusium
A large giraffid whose Algerian type jaw was misassembled and whose separation from Sivatherium has been revisited.
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MMachairodus
Machairodus
An early sabre-toothed cat with flattened canines and a well-sampled fossil record at Batallones.
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MMacrauchenia
Macrauchenia patachonica
A three-toed South American litoptern whose nasal opening is known but whose soft-tissue nose remains uncertain.
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MMammoth
Mammuthus
A diverse elephant genus shaped by changing teeth, tusks, DNA and island survival.
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MMegaloceros
Megaloceros giganteus
A Eurasian giant deer with broad seasonal antlers, regional variation in diet and a late population documented in Siberia.
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MMegalonyx
Megalonyx
A North American ground sloth that reached Alaska and Yukon during a warm interglacial interval.
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MMegalovis
Megalovis
Large extinct Pleistocene ovibovine known from a French type skull and Crimean frontal, jaw and limb fossils.
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MMegantereon
Megantereon
An early sabre-toothed cat with a powerful forequarters and laterally flattened upper canines.
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MMegatherium
Megatherium americanum
A several-tonne South American ground sloth known from skeletons, huge claws and evidence for tail-assisted raised postures.
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MMegatylopus
Megatylopus gigas
A giant North American camelid known from robust bones and diagnostic teeth.
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MMenelikia
Menelikia lyrocera
An East African reduncin antelope known from skulls and lyre-shaped horn cores.
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MMesochoerus
Mesochoerus
Historical name for African fossil pigs now generally included in Kolpochoerus.
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MMesotherium
Mesotherium
A Pleistocene notoungulate of Argentina known from skulls and limbs, with a debated digging lifestyle.
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MMetacervocerus
Metacervocerus rhenanus
Early Eurasian deer with light three-tined antlers, known from Tegelen and later European finds.
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MMetasthenurus
Metasthenurus newtonae
A short-faced Australian kangaroo identified through skull and dental comparisons.
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MMetridiochoerus
Metridiochoerus andrewsi
An African fossil pig whose changing molars, tusks and limb joints preserve evidence about wear, local diet and possible feeding posture.
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MMimomys
Mimomys
A fossil vole genus whose molar measurements reveal how tooth proportions changed through a long Pleistocene sequence.
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MMiracinonyx
Miracinonyx trumani
A long-legged North American felid whose ancient genomes link it to pumas.
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MMixotoxodon
Mixotoxodon larensis
A Pleistocene toxodontid known from Venezuelan jaws and fossils as far north as Mexico.
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MMorenelaphus
Morenelaphus
A Pleistocene South American deer known for large antlers, with a rare snout and dietary evidence from teeth.
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MMorrillia
Morrillia barbouri / Stegomastodon mirificus
Historical Nebraska gomphothere name based on a molar and later synonymized with Stegomastodon.
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MMylohyus
Mylohyus nasutus
A long-faced North American peccary with rounded teeth and a cave record shaped by multiple processes.
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NNannippus
Nannippus
A small three-toed horse known from Florida teeth and limb bones that support a cursorial build.
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NNavahoceros
Navahoceros fricki
Sturdy Pleistocene North American deer known from antlers, skull and limb bones; genus status debated.
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NNeochoerus
Neochoerus
An extinct giant capybara genus known from complex cheek teeth and limb fossils across the Americas.
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NNeocnus
Neocnus
Extinct island sloth of Cuba and Hispaniola, documented by cranial and limb fossils and direct Holocene bone dates.
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NNeocricetodon
Neocricetodon
A Eurasian fossil hamster whose molars clarified the history of the genus and Kowalskia.
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NNeohipparion
Neohipparion
A three-toed horse whose Love Bone Bed fossils preserve an unusually detailed age profile for one population.
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NNeolicaphrium
Neolicaphrium
A late-surviving South American litoptern known from jaws, teeth and a femur.
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NNeosclerocalyptus
Neosclerocalyptus ornatus
A South American glyptodont whose nasal bone was reinterpreted through CT imaging.
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NNerterogeomys
Nerterogeomys persimilis
A Curtis Ranch pocket gopher whose historical genus name is commonly placed in synonymy with Geomys.
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NNesiotites
Nesiotites
Extinct Balearic shrew lineage known from teeth and limb bones that record island size increase.
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NNeuryurus
Neuryurus (disputed name)
Historical glyptodont name whose N. rudis type was reinterpreted as juvenile Panochthus in 2026.
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NNothrotheriops
Nothrotheriops
Shasta ground sloth known from North American skeletons and dry cave dung containing plant remains.
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NNothrotherium
Nothrotherium maquinense
A smaller Brazilian ground sloth known from cave skeletons and a rare fossil fetus.
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NNotiomastodon
Notiomastodon platensis
A South American gomphothere whose sequential tusk isotopes reveal different diets in two individual animals.
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NNotochoerus
Notochoerus
A large African fossil suid known chiefly from Pliocene and early Pleistocene teeth and jaws.
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NNumidocapra
Numidocapra
Extinct African alcelaphine known from Algerian and Ethiopian horned crania.
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NNyanzachoerus
Nyanzachoerus
An African fossil pig whose species are distinguished through comparative skull and tooth samples.
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OOccitanomys
Occitanomys
A southwestern European fossil mouse genus whose molar details underpin its shifting taxonomy.
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OOmochoerus
Omochoerus / Kolpochoerus
Historical name for African fossil pigs studied from Omo jaws and teeth, now generally included in Kolpochoerus.
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OOntocetus
Ontocetus
An extinct North Atlantic walrus whose tusks and jaw reveal a distinct evolutionary history.
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OOsmotherium
Osmotherium spelaeum
Pleistocene fossil skunk known chiefly from jaw fragments in Pennsylvania's Port Kennedy Cave.
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PPachyarmatherium
Pachyarmatherium leiseyi
A thick-armored fossil cingulate first described from Florida shell-bed deposits.
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PPaedotherium
Paedotherium
A rabbit-like notoungulate whose jaw anatomy suggests a crushing-focused diet, not a modern rabbit lifestyle.
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PPalaeolama
Palaeolama weddelli
An extinct American camelid with a long muzzle and short robust metapodials, whose species limits and browsing diet remain under study.
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PPalaeotragus
Palaeotragus rouenii
A long-legged Miocene giraffid with a moderately lengthened neck and one pair of simple ossicones.
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PPampatherium
Pampatherium humboldtii
A large armored pampathere whose fossil plates reveal movable bands and a complex species history.
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PPannonictis
Pannonictis
Large extinct Eurasian mustelid documented by skulls, jaws and teeth, including a newly described Crimean jaw.
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PPanochthus
Panochthus
A South American glyptodont whose changing tail-tube shapes suggest different possible strike mechanics.
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PParacamelus
Paracamelus
Large fossil camelid known from late Miocene Spanish teeth and foot bones and wider Eurasian records.
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PParacolobus
Paracolobus mutiwa
A large fossil East African colobine with jaws and an associated West Turkana skeleton.
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PParaethomys
Paraethomys
Extinct Mediterranean murine rodent identified chiefly from diagnostic fossil molars.
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PParageomys
Parageomys
A historical name for a Pleistocene Kansas pocket gopher now placed in Geomys.
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PParamylodon
Paramylodon harlani
A North American ground sloth known from many Rancho La Brea fossils and numerous small osteoderms embedded in its skin.
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PParapapio
Parapapio
A fossil African papionin whose South African species boundaries remain disputed.
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PParapodemus
Parapodemus gaudryi
A late Miocene murine rodent whose revised classification rests mainly on molar teeth.
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PParmularius
Parmularius braini
An extinct African alcelaphin known from skulls and horn cores, including Makapansgat material.
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PPelorovis
Pelorovis
A disputed genus of giant African bovines recognised by broad skulls and enormous spreading horn cores.
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PPetenyia
Petenyia hungarica
A tiny fossil shrew known from a Hungarian type skull and scattered jaws and teeth.
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PPhugatherium
Phugatherium
Extinct capybara relative known from Pliocene South America and an early Pleistocene North American lineage.
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PPlesippus
Equus simplicidens
The Hagerman horse, an early North American equid with a debated generic placement.
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PPliocrocuta
Pliocrocuta
A Pliocene and early Pleistocene hyena studied through French and Iberian jaws and skulls.
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PPliomys
Pliomys lenki
An extinct vole genus recognised by rooted, many-triangled molars and rare ancient DNA.
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PPraemegaceros
Praemegaceros dawkinsi; P. verticornis; P. cazioti
Pleistocene deer ranging from large mainland species to smaller island survivors.
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PPraeovibos
Praeovibos
Pleistocene muskox relative studied through skulls, North Sea vertebrae and ancient DNA.
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PPraesinomegaceros
Praesinomegaceros
Fossil deer known from Late Miocene Asian material and an Early Pleistocene antler from Pakistan.
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PProcamelus
Procamelus occidentalis
A Miocene North American camelid with varied fossil species and long-limbed forms.
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PProcoptodon
Procoptodon goliah
A giant Australian sthenurine kangaroo with one functional hind toe, robust jaws and evidence for feeding on tough shrub vegetation.
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PProdipodomys
Prodipodomys
Extinct North American kangaroo-rat relative known mainly from jaws and teeth across older Kansas and younger Idaho faunas.
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PProlagus
Prolagus sardus
A diverse European lagomorph genus related to pikas, recognised by dental characters, with an island species persisting into the Holocene.
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PPropleopus
Propleopus
Extinct Australian giant rat-kangaroo identified from distinctive fossil premolars and molars.
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PPropraopus
Propraopus sulcatus
A large extinct armadillo whose associated carapace preserves seven movable armor bands.
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PProtemnodon
Protemnodon spp.
A revised genus of large Australian and New Guinean kangaroos with varied bodies and locomotion.
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PProtocyon
Protocyon troglodytes
A meat-specialized South American fossil canid with one directly dated specimen.
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PPseudaelurus
Pseudaelurus quadridentatus
An early true cat of the Miocene known from jaws, teeth and partial skeletons, with species assignments narrowed by later revisions.
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RRhagamys
Rhagamys
An island mouse of Sardinia and Corsica tracked through jaws and changing molar samples.
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RRhinocolobus
Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
A large East African fossil colobine known from skulls, teeth and limited limb bones.
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SScaldicetus
Scaldicetus
A Miocene sperm-whale name narrowed by modern study of its type teeth.
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SScelidodon
Scelidodon
A long-snouted South American ground sloth whose generic limits remain debated.
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SScelidotherium
Scelidotherium leptocephalum; S. bravardi
A narrow-snouted South American ground sloth known from Darwin's skeleton and later Pampas fossils.
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SSimosthenurus
Simosthenurus occidentalis
A short-faced Australian kangaroo whose limb bones and ancient DNA illuminate a distinct sthenurine branch.
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SSinomastodon
Sinomastodon
Short-jawed Chinese gomphothere known from an Early Pleistocene skull and southern cave molars.
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SSivatherium
Sivatherium giganteum
A massive Asian giraffid with four permanent ossicones; its body mass is estimated from a digital composite skeleton.
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SSmilodon
Smilodon fatalis
An American machairodont cat with long upper canines and powerful forelimbs for close-range prey restraint.
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SSoergelia
Soergelia
Extinct caprine bovid with widely spaced horns known from European and Asian fossils.
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SSpirocerus
Spirocerus
Extinct Pleistocene bovid identified by twisted, keeled horn cores and comparative skull material.
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SStegomastodon
Stegomastodon
North American gomphothere known from a Jalisco skeleton and changing molar forms.
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SSteneofiber
Steneofiber
An early Eurasian beaver with a narrow tail and rare fossil evidence of family groups.
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SStephanorhinus
Stephanorhinus spp.
A diverse Eurasian rhinoceros genus whose species and ecological roles are still being refined.
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SSthenurus
Sthenurus spp.
A diverse Australian fossil kangaroo genus with long-faced skulls and a debated range of gaits.
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SStockoceros
Stockoceros
A Pleistocene pronghorn relative whose two low-forked horn cores gave four apparent tips.
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TTetrameryx
Tetrameryx
A Pleistocene pronghorn relative with long rear branches on its two forked horn cores.
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TTheriodictis
Theriodictis
Large extinct Pampas canid documented by slicing teeth and a nearly complete Pleistocene skeleton.
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TThrichomys
Thrichomys
Living spiny-rat genus also recorded by Late Pleistocene Brazilian cave teeth and jaws.
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TThylacinus
Thylacinus cynocephalus
A marsupial predator genus with older fossils and a last known Tasmanian survivor in 1936.
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TToxodon
Toxodon platensis
A massive South American notoungulate first described from Darwin's skull, with growing teeth and isotope evidence for varied plant foods.
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TTrigonictis
Trigonictis
Extinct North American grison-like mustelid compared through jaws and teeth from Hagerman and Rexroad.
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TTrogontherium
Trogontherium cuvieri
A Eurasian fossil beaver with a large head, distinctive teeth and an unflattened tail.
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TTroposodon
Troposodon
Extinct sthenurine kangaroo represented by Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils across Australia.
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UUngaromys
Ungaromys
Small extinct European vole distinguished through molar enamel patterns and documented by large tooth series from Schernfeld.
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VValgipes
Valgipes bucklandi
Pleistocene ground sloth documented by Brazilian fossils and a fused lower leg in Uruguay.
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WWoolly rhinoceros
Coelodonta antiquitatis
A cold-adapted Eurasian grazer known from bones, preserved hair and skin, cave art and a late Pleistocene genome record.
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XXenocyon
Xenocyon lycaonoides
A large meat-specialized Pleistocene canid known mainly from jaws and teeth.
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XXenorhinotherium
Xenorhinotherium bahiense
Brazilian Pleistocene litoptern studied through juvenile teeth; its distinction from Macrauchenia has been debated.
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